Dr. Naimatullah Shah
Professor of Management

Biography
Dr. Naimatullah Shah is working as a professor of management at the College of Business Administration, Al Yamamah University. He has over 22 yearsâ experience of teaching and research in a range of different cultures, academic traditions and working environment. His teaching focus has been a blend of the management, human resource management, organizational behavior, strategic management, and research methods. He has been awarded best teacher award of YU in 2019-2020.
Previously he served in key administrative and leadership positions in University of Sindh, Jamshoro, such as head of department of public administration, member of senate, member of academic council, member of the faculty curriculum committee, member of board of studies, member of scrutiny committee for PhD/M.Phil research proposals. He also served in key administrative positions in COBA, Al Yamamah University, such as a head of management and marketing department, member of college council, member of curriculum review committee, member of strategic planning committee and chair of appeal committee.
Dr. Shah received PhD from Brunel Business School, Brunel University London, UK in 2010 and subsequently been post-doctoral research fellow in same School. He has been Research Fellow in Brunel Business School, Brunel University London and School of Management, Bradford University, UK. He was awarded Faculty Development Scholarship in 2007 for PhD program from the Ministry of Education, Pakistan. His track record of publishing quality research in international journals such as Journal of Business Research (JBR), Business Strategy and the Environment, Management Decision, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, etc. His primary research interests include change management, employee commitment, entrepreneurship, leadership, and social relationships in the workplace. His current research focuses on organisational justice, social exchanges, ethical behaviour, and personality traits. He earned two research projects (Rs. 4 million each) from Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan and successfully completed on time. He supervised the students and got completed 10 PhDs, 06 MPhils and more than 150 graduate research projects.
Representative Refereed Journal Publications
- Shah, N. (2023), "Going green with the green market and green innovation: building the connection between green entrepreneurship and sustainable development",Kybernetes, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-09-2022-1353 (with Soomro, B.A., Moawad, N.F., Saraih, U.N., Abedelwahed, N.A.A.)
- Shah, N.(2022), "Entrepreneurship barriers faced by Pakistani female students in relation to their entrepreneurial inclinations and entrepreneurial success", Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-12-2021-0188. (with Soomro, B.A., Abdelwahed, N.A.A.)
- Shah, N.(2022), "Effect of institutional support and entrepreneurial knowledge on womenâs entrepreneurial self-efficacy and venture performance in a developing country", International Journal of Innovation Science, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-12-2021-0218. (with Abdelwahed, N.A.A., Soomro, B.A., and Saraih, U.N. )
- Shah, N.(2023), "Effects of green human resource management practices on green innovation and behavior", Management Decision, Vol. 61 No. 1, pp. 290-312. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-07-2021-0869 (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N. (2022), "Middle-class people imagining democratic attitudes: the Pakistani experience", Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-01-2022-0003 (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah N. (2022), Predicting employee performance through transactional leadership and entrepreneur's passion among the employees of Pakistan, Asia Pacific Management Review, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2022.03.001. (with Abdelwahed N.A.A., Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N.(2022), "Climate change and pro-environmental behaviours: the significant environmental challenges of livelihoods", Management of Environmental Quality, 33 No. 5, pp. 1187-1206. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-10-2021-0236. (with Abdelwahed, N.A.A., Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah N. (2022), Determining employee satisfaction, intrapreneurship and firm growth among managers of Pakistan. Hyliyon, 8, No. 3, pp. e09097. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844022003851 (with Abdelwahed N.A.A., Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah N. (2022), âThe Role of Environment, Business and Human Behavior towards Entrepreneurial Sustainabilityâ. Sustainability.; 14, No. 5, pp. 2517. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052517. (with Abdelwahed N.A.A., Soomro B.A.)
- Shah, N.(2022), "Intention to adopt cryptocurrency: a robust contribution of trust and the theory of planned behavior",Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-10-2021-0204. (with Soomro, B.A. & Abdelwahed, N.A.A.)
- Shah, N. (2021), "Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, need for achievement and entrepreneurial intention among commerce students in Pakistan", Education + Training, Vol. 64 No. 1, pp. 107-125. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2021-0023. (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N.(2021), "COVID-19 complications and entrepreneurial intention among the entrepreneurs of Pakistan: evidence from the second wave of the pandemic",Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-12-2020-0175 (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N. (2021), "An Investigation Of Training And Development Towards Employee Performance: An Empirical Approach From Nursesâ,Multicultural Education, Vol. 7 10, pp. 410-418.https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5571012 Â (with Bhatti, M.K. & Abbasi, Z.)
- Shah, N.(2021), "Environmental concerns among the entrepreneurs: a disaster resilience and environment building during the second wave of the COVID-19", International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, Vol. 13 4, pp. 516-530.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-02-2021-0011. (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N.(2021), "Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards the spread of COVID-19: a health counseling initiative among potential entrepreneurs of FUUAST",Health Education, 121 No. 6, pp. 670-682Â https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-06-2021-0086. (with Soomro, B.A. & Lakhan, G.R.)
- Shah, N.(2021), "COVID-19 impediments and business start-ups in Pakistan: Evidence from the second wave of the pandemicâ,Managerial and Decision Economics, 42, No. 7, pp. 1909-1918, Â https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3445. (with Soomro, B.A. & Lakhan, G.R.)
- Shah, N.(2021), "Training characteristics and employees' performance among the nurses in Pakistan",Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-02-2021-0026. (with Bhatti, M.K.& Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N.(2021), "Work environment and performance among nurses: a significant way to overcome violation of human rights in the health sector",International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-03-2021-0064. (with Bhatti, M.K.& Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N.(2022), "Is procrastination a âfriend or foeâ? Building the relationship between fear of the failure and entrepreneursâ well-being", Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Vol. 14 6, pp. 1054-1071.https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-12-2019-0191. (Indexing/Ranking: SCOPUS; ESCI; CABS 1*; ABDC (C); Q1) IF: 3.06. (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N.(2021), "COVID-19 complications and economic recovery of China: Guidelines for other economies",Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-01-2021-0008. (with Soomro, B.A. & Mangi, S.N.)
- Shah, N.(2021), "Predictive power of training design on employee performance: an empirical approach in Pakistan's health sector",International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 71 No. 8, pp. 3792-3808. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-09-2020-0489. (with Bhatti, M.K.& Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N.(2021), "Examining the intention to stay home due to COVID-19: a pandemic's second wave outlook",Health Education, Vol. 121 No. 4, pp. 420-435. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-12-2020-0118. (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N. (2021), "Strategic factors and significance of organizational innovation and organizational learning in organizational performance", European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 481-506. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-05-2019-0114. (with Soomro, B.A. & Mangi, S.N.)
- Shah, N.(2021), "Technopreneurship intention among nonbusiness students: a quantitative assessment",World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 17 No. 3, pp. 502-514. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-10-2020-0129. (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N. (2020), âInternal green integration and environmental performance: The predictive power of proactive environment strategy, greeing the supplier, and environment collaboration with the supplierâ, Business Strategy and the Environment. Vol. 30, No.2, pp.1333-1344. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2687 Â (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N. (2020), âEntrepreneurial orientation and performance in a developing country: Strategic entrepreneurship as a mediatorâ, Business Strategy and Development, Vol. 3, No.4, pp.567-577. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.122. (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N. (2020), âAttitudes towards entrepreneurial among the students of Thialand: an entrepreneurial attitude orientation approachâ, Education +Training, 63, No.2, pp.239-255.https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2020-0014 (with Soomro, B. A. & Memon, M.)
- Shah, N. (2020), âEarly COVID-19 outbreak, individualâs mast attitudes and purchase intentions: a cohesive careâ, Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management. 12 No. 4, pp. 571-586. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-05-2020-0082. (with Kalwar, M. S. & Soomro, B. A.)
- Shah, N. (2020), âRobustness of the transformational leadership towards sustainable entrepreneurship in Pakistan, Journal of Public Affairs, Vol. 22, No.2, pp.e2509. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2509. (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N. (2020), "Perceptions of young entrepreneurial aspirants towards sustainable entrepreneurship in Pakistan", Kybernetes, Vol. 50 No. 7, pp. 2134-2154. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-07-2019-0504. (with Soomro, B.A. & K. Almahdi, H.)
- Shah, N. (2019), âGreen entrepreneurship inclination among younger generation: An avenue towards a green economyâ, Sustainable Development, Vol. 28, No.4, pp.585-594. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2010. (Soomro, B. A. & Ghumro, I. A.)
- Shah, N. (2020), âPredicting entrepreneurial intention among business students of public sector universities of Pakistan: An application of the entrepreneurial event model (EEM)â, World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, Vol. 16, No.3, pp.219-230. https://10.1108/WJEMSD-11-2019-0092. (with Soomro, B. A., Lakhan, G. R., & Mangi, S.)
- Shah, N. (2020), âPaternalistic leadership style, employee voice and creativity among entrepreneurs: An empirical evidence from Pakistanâ, Management Decision, Â Vol. 59, No.2, pp.285-305. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-11-2018-1207. (with Soomro, B. A. & Memon, M.)
- Shah, N. (2019), âInvestigating the intention to adopt smartphone apps among the entrepreneurs of a developing countryâ, World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, Vol. 15 No.4, pp. 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-12-2018-0103. (with Soomro, B. A. & Memon, M.)
- Shah, N. (2019), âDetermining the impact of entrepreneurial orientation and organizational culture on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and employeeâs performanceâ, South Asian Journal of Business Studies, Vol. 8, No.3, pp.266-282 https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-12-2018-0142. (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N. (2019), âEnablers of entrepreneurial self-efficacy in a developing countryâ, Education +Training, Vol. 61, No.6, pp.684-699. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-10-2018-0226 (with Soomro, B. A. & Memon, M.)
- Shah, N. (2019): âA scientific approach to measure public political participation in Pakistanâ, Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 88-107 https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2019.1576056 (with Mangi, S. & Soomro, B. A.)
- Shah, N. (2019) âFactors affecting entrepreneurial leadership in Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) of Pakistan: An empirical evidenceâ, World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, Vol.15, No. 1, pp. 31-44 https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-05-2018-0054. (with Mangi, S. & Soomro, B. A.)
- Shah, N. (2018), âDetermining the impact of entrepreneurial adversity and psychological capital on entrepreneurial resilience among entrepreneurs of Pakistanâ, Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, Vol. 14, No.2, pp. 95-116. http://www.asiaentrepreneurshipjournal.com/JAESVolXIVOct2018.pdf (with Soomro, B. A. & Anwar. S.)
- Shah, N. (2018) âRobustness of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): A Comparative Study between Pakistan and Thailandâ, Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal. Vol.24, No. 3, pp. 1-18. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/robustness-of-the-theory-of-planned-behaviour-tpb-a-comparative-study-between-pakistan-and-thailand-7501.html (with Soomro, B. A. & Memon, M.)
- Shah, N. (2017) âInvestigating entrepreneurial intention among public sector university students of Pakistanâ, Education + Training , Vol.59, No. 7/8, pp. 841-865. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-11-2016-0168 (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N. (2017), âAre retirement intentions and behaviours in aging employees in instinctive? An empirical study conducted on Sugar Factories from Sindh, Pakistanâ, International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion. Vol.8, No. 2, pp. 81-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJWOE.2017.086419 (with Baloch, R. A. S.)
- Shah, N. (2017), âThe Impact of Organizational Justice toward Ethical Behaviourâ, International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, Vol.12, no. 2, pp. 240-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2017.081405 (with Anwar, S. & Irani, Z.)
- Shah, N. (2017) âBig Data in an HR context: Exploring organizational change readiness, employee attitudes and behavioursâ, Journal of Business Research, Vol.70, pp. 366-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.08.010 (with Irani, Z. & Sharif, A.)
- Shah, N. (2015) âDeveloping Attitudes and Intentions among Potential Entrepreneursâ, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol.28, No.2. pp. 304-322. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-07-2014-0070 (with Soomro, B.A.)
- Shah, N. (2012) âInvestigating Employee Attitudes and Beliefs Using Commitment and Situational Factorsâ, International Journal of Logistics System and Management (IJLSM) Vol. 11, No. 2. pp. 198-212. DOI:Â 10.1504/IJLSM.2012.045423 (Irani, Z.)
- Shah, N. (2011) âInvestigating Employee Career Commitment Factors in Public Sector Organisation of a Developing Countryâ, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 6. pp. 534-546. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410391111166567.
- Shah, N. (2011) âAn Empirical Investigation of Organisational Antecedents of Employee Job Satisfaction in a Developing Countryâ, Transforming Government: People, Process & Policy (TG: PPP), Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 280-294. DOI:Â 10.1108/17506161111155414. (with Halepota, J. A.)
- Shah, N. (2011) âA Study of the Relationship between Organisational Justice and Employee Readiness for Changeâ, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 3. pp. 224-236. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410391111122835.
- Shah, N. & Shah, G. S. (2010) âRelationships between Employee Readiness, for Organisational Change, Supervisor and Peer Relations and Demographyâ, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp-640-652. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410391011083074
Research Interests
- Change management
- Employee commitment
- Entrepreneurship
- Leadership
- Social relationships in the workplace
- Organisational justice
- Talent Management
- Green HRM
- Ethical behaviour
- Personality traits
Honors and Awards
- Best Teacher Award, 2019-2020, Al Yamamah University
- Full Doctoral Scholarship, 2007-2010 (the Government of Pakistan)
- Won PAR 4.0 Million research project from the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan to research on âThe State of Governance in Pakistan: A way out for good governanceâ (2016-17).
- Won PAR 4.0 Million research project from the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan to research on âInvestigation attitudes of middle class Pakistanis towards democracyâ (2015-2016).
Conference/Doctoral Symposium
- Shah, N. (2018),âInfluence of leadership behavior on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction among public sector managers of Pakistan: An empirical approachâ, Socio-economic trends in business environment: Challenges & opportunities, âKASBITâ Research Conference 4th-6th December 2018, Pakistan. (with Soomro, B. A., Ahmed, M. & Mangi, S.)
- Shah, N. (2018),"Education stratification and nation building process in Pakistan" International conference on new trends in social sciences and humanities in the contemporary world: with special reference to world peace order, 05-06 December, 2018, Karachi, Pakistan. (with Mangi, S.)
- Shah, N. (2018) âFactors Leading Employees to Act Unethically: A Conceptual approachâ 3rdInternational Conference on Experiential Learning, 20th- 21st October 2018, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan. (with Anwar, S. & Memon, H.)
- Shah, N. (2018) âInvestigating the quality of governance in Pakistan: A way out for good governanceâ, 2nd National Graduate Conference, 28th-29th August 2018, Islamabad, Pakistan. (with Mangi, S.)
- Shah, N. (2018) âReligion and Contextual Support towards Entrepreneurial Intentionsâ, Emerging Trends in Pakistan Economy, Socio-Economic Challenges and Opportunities, 25th-27th April 2018, Abbottabad, Pakistan. (with Shah, S. D, & Mangi, S.)
- Shah, N. (2018), âImpact of Organizational Commitment on Effective Talent Managementâ, 3rd International Conference on Business, Economics and IT, 7-8 February 2018, Jamshoro, Pakistan. (with Sobia)
- Shah, N. (2016) âQuality of Governance in Pakistan: An investigation through public trust in national institutionsâ, National Conference on Emerging Trends in Governance and Management in Pakistan, 20th-21st May 2016, Lahore, Pakistan. (with Mangi, S.)
- Shah, N. (2015) âExploring Organizational Justice towards Ethical Behavior: taking Personality Traits as mediator. A Conceptual Approachâ, National Research Conference on Management and Business - (NRCMB-2015), 15-16 December 2015, Karachi, Pakistan. (with Anwar, S. & Memon, H.)
- Shah, N. (2014) âThe Effects of Training and Development on Employees Performanceâ, International Conference on Human Resources Management and Development (ICHRMD, 2014), 04-05 November 2014, Colombo, Sri Lanka. (with Bhatti, M.)
- Shah, N. (2014) âIslamic Banking Entrepreneurs Model in Pakistanâ, Youth Entrepreneur Conference (YEC), University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan (21st February 2014). (with Kartio, M.A. & Hingoro, A.A.)
- Shah, N. (2013) âThe Impact of Personality Traits and Core Self Evaluation on Employees Organisational Commitmentâ, European, Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems (EMCIS 2013), 17-18 October 2013, London, United Kingdom. (with Wahid, A.)
- Shah, N. (2013) âDemand and Optimizing Research of Entrepreneurship Professionalismâ, First International Conference on Business, Economics and Informational Technology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan (17 February 2013). (with Shaikh, F. M)
- Shah, N., (2013) âThe relationship between organisational justice and ethical behaviour: A conceptual approachâ, 2nd International Conference on Advance in Social Science, Management and Human Behaviour â (SMHB-2013), 12-13 October 2013, Zurich, Switzerland. (with Anwer, S. & Memon, H.)
- Shah, N. (2013) âInvestigating Attitudes and Intentions among Potential Entrepreneurs of a Developing Countryâ, 2nd International Conference on Humanities, Economics, and Geography (ICHEGâ2013), 17-18 June 2013, London, United Kingdom. (with Soomro, B.)
- Shah, N. (2010) âEmployee Attitudes and Behaviours towards Organisational Change using Supervisor and Peer Relationsâ, European, Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems (EMCIS 2010), 12-13 April 2010, Abu Dhabi, UAE. (with Irani, Z.)
- Shah, N. (2009) âEmployee Readiness for Change Management: Impact of Employee Commitment with the Organisation and Career (A Case Study of Pakistanâ, Doctoral Symposium, 23-24 March, 2009, Brunel Business School, Brunel University, London, UK.
- Shah, N. (2009) âImpact of Employees Psychological and Financial Predictors for Readiness to Organizational Changeâ, European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (EMCIS 2009), 13-14 July 2009, Izmir, Turkey. (with Irani, Z.)
- Shah, N. (2008) âEmployee Readiness for Change Management: Impact of Employee Commitment with the Organisation and Careerâ, Doctoral Symposium, 21-22 May 2008, Brunel Business School, Brunel University, London, UK.
- Shah, N. (2007) âEmployee Readiness for Change Management: A Study of Employeesâ Perceptions and Workplace Factorsâ, Doctoral Symposium, 14-15 June 2007, Brunel Business School, Brunel University, London, UK.
Current Teaching
- BUS 385 Business Research Methods and Publications
- HRM 524 Training and Development
- HRM 526 Job Analysis and Job Design
Graduate Teaching
- Human Resource Strategies
- Compensation and Performance Management
- Training and Development
- Job Analysis and Job Design
- Strategic Management
- International Human Resource Management
Undergraduate Teaching
- Organizational Behaviours
- Introduction to Management
- Human Resource Management
- Business Research Methodology
Services
- Chair, Department of Public Administration, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
- A member of Senate, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
- A member Board of Governance, Far East and South East Asia Study Center, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
- A member of Academic Council, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
- A member of Scrutiny Committee for PhD/M.Phil research proposal evaluation, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
- A member of Board of Advance Studies, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
- Chair of the Management and Marketing Department, College of Business Administration, Al Yamamah University
- A member of the Strategy Committee for graduate and undergraduate programs at College of Business Administration, Al Yamamah University
- The Chair of the Appeal Committee, College of Business Administration, Al Yamamah University.
PhD Thesis Examiner
- Study of Capital Structure, investment decisions, dividend policy decision, and financial performance among listed manufacturing form of Pakistan: A multi mediation analysis from 2015- 2020, Shah Abdul Latif University, Pakistan (2022).
- The Human Resources Management and Practice in Public Sector of Pakistan â A case study of Pakistan State Oil, Roskilde University, Denmark (2017).
- Influence of Consumer Innovativeness, Dogmatism, Social Characteristics, and Need for Inquiry on New Product Adoption, Shah Abdul Latif University, Pakistan (2015).
- An Analysis of Consumer Behaviour in Mobile Phone Market, Shah Abdul Latif University, Pakistan (2014).
Journal article referee/reviewerÂ
Education + Training, British Journal of Management (BJM), Journal of Enterprise Information Management (JEIM), Journal of Business Research, International Journal of Logistics System and Management (IJLSM), Transforming Government: People, Process & Policy (TG: PPP), Journal of Independent Study and Research Management, Social Sciences and Economics (JISR-MSSE), International Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (IRJAH), Grassroots.